In October 2009, the European Union concluded its Baltic Sea Strategy, which has been followed in June 2011 by another strategy for the Danube region. The EU is thereby in the process of testing a new political concept for increasing territorial cohesion within the Union: the macro-region. The macro-region constitutes a territorially and functionally-defined cross-border region within the EU, in which a group of member states cooperate to achieve specific strategic objectives. If the model experiment in the Baltic Sea and Danube regions is successful, the macro-region could develop into a blueprint for a new operational level within the EU.

Comparative analysis of the Baltic Sea and Danube strategies shows that it would still be premature to proclaim the macro-region as a new intermediary policy level within the EU. The model experiment, however, has definite development potential. Despite the rejection of any new laws, budget lines or institutions ("three no’s"), the first macro-regions have been characterised by an increase in cooperation among core groups of member states, which could generate influence over the EU as a whole, without formally constituting a political operational level.

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